> Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional veterinary advice. If your dog shows signs of IVDD or any neurological emergency, seek immediate care from your veterinarian.

Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD) in Dogs

Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is one of the most common neurological conditions affecting dogs, particularly chondrodystrophic breeds. Understanding the signs and acting quickly can make a critical difference in your dog's outcome.

What Is Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD)?

IVDD occurs when the soft, gel-like center of the spinal discs between vertebrae degenerates, hardens, or herniates. This can place pressure on the spinal cord, causing pain, weakness, and in severe cases, paralysis. There are two main types: Type I (Hansen Type I) involves sudden disc extrusion, often in younger dogs; Type II involves gradual disc protrusion, typically in older dogs.

Symptoms of IVDD in Dogs

Early Signs

• Reluctance to jump or climb stairs
• Stiff neck or arched back
• Shivering or trembling
• Muscle spasms along the spine
• Yelping when touched or moved
• Reduced activity or lethargy

Progressive Symptoms

• Weakness in hind legs (ataxia)
• Wobbly gait or knuckling of paws
• Difficulty rising or standing
• Incontinence or straining to urinate
• Dragging rear limbs

Emergency Signs

• Sudden paralysis of hind legs
• Loss of deep pain sensation
• Inability to walk or stand
• Severe pain or vocalization

What Causes IVDD in Dogs?

• Genetics: Chondrodystrophic breeds have a genetic predisposition to disc degeneration.
• Age: Type I often occurs between 3–6 years; Type II typically affects dogs over 8.
• Breed conformation: Long backs and short legs increase mechanical stress.
• Trauma: Jumping, falling, or rough play can trigger disc herniation in at-risk dogs.
• Obesity: Excess weight adds stress to the spine.

Breeds Most at Risk

• Dachshunds (highest risk)
• French Bulldogs
• Beagles
• Pekingese
• Shih Tzus
• Corgis
• Basset Hounds
• Lhasa Apsos

How IVDD Is Diagnosed

Your veterinarian will perform a neurological exam to assess reflexes, pain sensation, and limb function. Diagnostic tests may include:

• X-rays: Can show narrowed disc spaces or calcified discs but may miss soft disc material.
• MRI: Gold standard for visualizing disc material and spinal cord compression.
• CT myelogram: Alternative when MRI is unavailable.
• Cerebrospinal fluid analysis: To rule out other neurological conditions.

Treatment Options for IVDD

Medical Management

For dogs with pain and mild neurological deficits (Grades 1–2), strict crate rest for 4–8 weeks is essential. Medications may include:

• Anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs or corticosteroids)
• Pain relievers
• Muscle relaxants

Surgical Options (if applicable)

Surgery is often recommended for Grades 3–5, especially when deep pain is lost or declining. Common procedures include:

• Hemilaminectomy: Removal of disc material pressing on the spinal cord.
• Fenestration: Preventive disc removal to reduce recurrence risk.

Alternative/Supportive Therapies

• Physical rehabilitation and hydrotherapy after stabilization
• Acupuncture for pain management
• Cold laser therapy
• Assistive devices (carts, slings) for paralyzed dogs

At-Home Care

• Strict crate rest as directed
• Preventing jumping, stairs, and rough play
• Assisting with urination and defecation if needed
• Maintaining a non-slip environment
• Monitoring for worsening signs

Prognosis & Life Expectancy

Dogs with mild IVDD who receive prompt treatment often recover well. Those with deep pain sensation at diagnosis have good surgical success rates (80–95%). Dogs that lose deep pain before surgery have a guarded prognosis; recovery is possible but takes longer and may be incomplete. Many paralyzed dogs can enjoy good quality of life with carts and proper care.

Prevention

• Maintain a healthy weight
• Use harnesses instead of collars to reduce neck strain
• Avoid activities that stress the spine (high jumps, rough play)
• Discourage furniture jumping; use ramps or steps
• Screen breeding dogs in at-risk breeds

Cost of Treatment

• Medical management: $500–$2,000
• MRI: $1,500–$3,000
• Surgery: $3,000–$10,000+
• Rehabilitation: $500–$2,000+

Frequently Asked Questions